It has been recognized that during chronic inflammatory systemic diseases (CIDs)
maladaptations of the immune, nervous, endocrine and reproductive system occur …

The genetic factors associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections are likely to
involve a sophisticated array of immune response. These genetic elements may modulate …

The rapid and extensive spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic
provides a rare opportunity to witness host–pathogen co-evolution involving humans. A focal …

The highly polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a key role
in adaptive immunity. Divergent allele advantage, a mechanism of balancing selection, is …

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, in which a third of individuals with
chronic HCV infections may develop liver cirrhosis. In a chronic HCV infection, host immune …

Symptomatic acute hepatitis C occurs in only about 15% of patients who are infected with
hepatitis C virus (HCV). Acute hepatitis C is most often diagnosed in the setting of post …

Persistent virus infections create specific problems for their hosts. Although the dynamics of
immune responses after acute infection are well studied and very consistent, especially in …

Without therapy, most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ultimately
progress to AIDS. Rare individuals ('elite controllers') maintain very low levels of HIV RNA …

Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viral infection or co-infection leads to risk of
development of chronic infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) …

Virus‐specific CD8+ T cell responses play an important role in the natural course of
infection; however, the impact of certain CD8+ T cell responses in determining clinical …