A variety of cognitive disorders are worsened by stress exposure and involve dysfunction of
the newly evolved prefrontal cortex (PFC). Exposure to acute, uncontrollable stress …

The primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves our highest order cognitive operations, and
yet is tremendously dependent on a precise neurochemical environment for proper …

Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive
functions, including working memory Page 166 8 Review of the Evidence on, and Fundamental …

Research on the neurobiology of the stress response in animals has led to successful new
treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in humans. Basic research has found …

Brain dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in cognitive control processes, including
working memory. However, the precise role of DA in cognition is not well-understood, partly …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC)—the most evolved brain region—subserves our highest-order
cognitive abilities. However, it is also the brain region that is most sensitive to the detrimental …

Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27,
1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse …

Anxiety often is studied as a stand-alone construct in laboratory models. But in the context of
coping with real-life anxiety, its negative impacts extend beyond aversive feelings and …

Recent neurophysiological studies reveal that neurons in certain brain structures carry
specific signals about past and future rewards. Dopamine neurons display a short-latency …

Our memories are not all created equally strong: Some experiences are well remembered
while others are remembered poorly, if at all. Research on memory modulation investigates …