Over the past few decades, the advent of C–H activation has led to a rethink among
chemists about the synthetic strategies employed for multi-step transformations. Indeed …

Abstract The paralytic agent (+)‐saxitoxin (STX), most commonly associated with oceanic
red tides and shellfish poisoning, is a potent inhibitor of electrical conduction in cells. Its …

INTRODUCTION Almost all venoms contain toxins that modulate the activity of voltage-gated
sodium (Nav) channels in order to incapacitate prey or predators. The single-chain …

Bivalve molluscs are descendants of an early-Cambrian lineage superbly adapted to
benthic filter feeding. Adaptations in form and behavior are well recognized, but the …

An asymmetric synthesis of the fugu fish poison,(−)-tetrodotoxin, is described. The route to
this extraordinary target employs a number of unique transformations, foremost of which are …

Site-1 sodium channel blockers (S1SCBs) act as potent local anaesthetics, but they can
cause severe systemic toxicity. Delivery systems can be used to reduce the toxicity, but the …

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are produced by marine bacteria and have been
detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. The European …

Understanding the molecular genetic basis of adaptations provides incomparable insight
into the genetic mechanisms by which evolutionary diversification takes place. Whether the …

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent toxin that specifically binds to voltage gated sodium channels.
TTX binding physically blocks the flow of sodium ions through the channel, thereby …

Natural selection often produces convergent changes in unrelated lineages, but the degree
to which such adaptations occur via predictable genetic paths is unknown. If only a limited …