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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem, and since 2001,
the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has published its strategy …

Abstract The Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC) were first published in 2012, and since
then have undergone a series of updates incorporating new evidence on the diagnosis and …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyse the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and
cyclic GMP, thereby regulating the intracellular concentrations of these cyclic nucleotides …

As the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2014, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) presents a significant challenge to the health care provider. 1 …

Background The sputum microbiome has a potential role in disease phenotyping and risk
stratification in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but few large longitudinal …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third most common cause of death in
the USA. In 2010, the cost of COPD in the USA was projected to be approximately US …

Background Roflumilast reduces exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Its effect in patients using fixed combinations of inhaled corticosteroids …

Background Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are
associated with accelerated loss of lung function and death. Identification of patients at risk …

Bronchodilators are central in the treatment of of airways disorders. They are the mainstay of
the current management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are critical in …