Macrophages (Mφ) are primary innate immune cells that exhibit diverse functions in
response to different pathogens or stimuli, and they are extensively involved in the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered much interest in the cell biology and biomedical
research fields. Many studies have reported the existence of EVs in all types of living cells …

Objective: Exosomes (Exos) are membrane-encased vesicles derived by nearly all cell types
for intercellular communication and regulation. They also received attention for their use as …

Background Activated microglia play an essential role in inflammatory responses elicited in
the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are …

The mucosal surfaces of the human body are challenged by millions of microbes on a daily
basis. Co-evolution with these microbes has led to the development of plastic mechanisms …

The high metabolic needs of T lymphocytes in response to activation make them particularly
vulnerable to modifications of their biochemical milieu. Immunosuppressive enzymes …

In response to infections, human immune cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry
a situationally adapted cocktail of proteins and nucleic acids, including microRNAs …

Candida albicans is the principal causative agent of lethal fungal infections, predominantly
in immunocompromised hosts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as crucial …

Microglia are resident immune cells of the brain that play important roles in mediating
inflammatory responses in several neurological diseases via direct and indirect …

Extracellular vesicles have an important function in cellular communication. Here, we show
that human and mouse monocytes release TGF-β1-transporting vesicles in response to the …