Salt taste, the taste of sodium chloride (NaCl), is mechanistically one of the most complex
and puzzling among basic tastes. Sodium has essential functions in the body but causes …

Reinforcement, reward, and aversion are fundamental processes for guiding appropriate
behaviors. Longstanding theories have pointed to dopaminergic neurons of the ventral …

The multitude of terms associated with love has given rise to a false perception of love. In
this paper, only maternal and romantic love are considered. Love is usually regarded as a …

The study of consummatory responses during food intake represents a unique opportunity to
investigate the physiological, psychological and neurobiological processes that control …

Rationale Excessive intake of rewards, such as food and drugs, often has explicit negative
consequences, including the development of obesity and addiction, respectively. Thus …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) controls hypertonic NaCl intake driven by sodium
appetite. Here we investigated whether the antagonism of RAS interferes with hedonic and …

Homeostatic control with oral nutrient intake is a vital complex system involving the orderly
interactions between the external and internal senses, behavioral control, reward learning …

The hedonic value of salt fundamentally changes depending on the internal state. High
concentrations of salt induce innate aversion under sated states, whereas such aversive …