In this article, we revisit the relationship among institutions, human capital, and
development. We argue that empirical models that treat institutions and human capital as …

We disaggregate the self-employed into incorporated and unincorporated to distinguish
between “entrepreneurs” and other business owners. We show that the incorporated self …

This paper synthesizes what economists have learned about human capital since Becker
(1962) into four stylized facts. First, human capital explains at least one-third of the variation …

Human capital—that is, resources associated with the knowledge and skills of individuals—
is a critical component of economic development 1, 2. Learning metrics that are comparable …

An increasing amount of high-resolution global spatial data are available, and used for
various assessments. However, key economic and human development indicators are still …

We develop a new dataset using UNESCO source materials on the location of nearly 15,000
universities in about 1,500 regions across 78 countries, some dating back to the 11th …

In developing countries, informal firms account for up to half of economic activity. They
provide livelihood for billions of people. Yet their role in economic development remains …

A growing body of empirical work measuring different types of cultural traits has shown that
culture matters for a variety of economic outcomes. This paper focuses on one specific …

A rigorous, pathbreaking analysis demonstrating that a country's prosperity is directly related
in the long run to the skills of its population. In this book Eric Hanushek and Ludger …

With the continuous advancement of the digital economy and green development strategies,
exploring the impact of digital transformation on corporate green technology innovation …