Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental
studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input …

We present data from animal studies showing that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus—
conserved through evolution, compartmentalized, and with a complex pattern of inputs and …

The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for adaptive motor control, but the circuit principles
underlying their pathway-specific modulation of target regions are not well understood …

Perceptual decisions are based on the activity of sensory cortical neurons, but how
organisms learn to transform this activity into appropriate actions remains unknown …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been initially identified as a supraspinal
center capable of initiating and modulating locomotion. Whereas its functional contribution to …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing
glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. These motor …

The brainstem pedunculopontine nucleus has a likely, although unclear, role in gait control,
and is a potential deep brain stimulation target for treating resistant gait disorders. These …

One of the two major cholinergic centers of the mammalian brain is located in the midbrain,
ie, the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and the adjacent laterodorsal tegmentum …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain are crucial for motivational control of behavior.
However, recent studies suggest that signals transmitted by DA neurons are heterogeneous …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has been proposed as a target for deep
brain stimulation (DBS) in parkinsonian patients, particularly for symptoms such as gait and …