Environmental stimuli and objects, including rewards, are often processed sequentially in
the brain. Recent work suggests that the phasic dopamine reward prediction-error response …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Over the past 20 years, neuroscience research on reward-based learning has converged on
a canonical model, under which the neurotransmitter dopamine 'stamps in'associations …

Most elementary behaviors such as moving the arm to grasp an object or walking into the
next room to explore a museum evolve on the time scale of seconds; in contrast, neuronal …

There is and has been a fruitful flow of concepts and ideas between studies of learning in
biological and artificial systems. Much early work that led to the development of …

We review the current state of knowledge on the computational and neural mechanisms of
reinforcement-learning with a particular focus on fronto-striatal circuits. We divide the …

Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental
studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by two seemingly unrelated symptom
domains—deficits in social interactions and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavioral …

Decisions occur in dynamic environments. In the framework of reinforcement learning, the
probability of performing an action is influenced by decision variables. Discrepancies …

The precise regulation of synaptic dopamine (DA) content by the DA transporter (DAT)
ensures the phasic nature of the DA signal, which underlies the ability of DA to encode …