Females are more vulnerable than males to many aspects of cocaine use disorder. This
vulnerability also translates to opioid use disorder, with females exhibiting stronger …

This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers …

Valproic acid (VPA) is a blocker of histone deacetylase widely used to treat epilepsy, bipolar
disorders, and migraine; its administration during pregnancy increases the risk of autism …

Withania somnifera (WS) is utilized in Ayurvedic medicine owing to its central and peripheral
beneficial properties. Several studies have accrued indicating that the recreational …

In the striatum, the dendritic tree of the two main populations of projection neurons, called
“medium spiny neurons (MSNs)”, are covered with spines that receive glutamatergic inputs …

Addiction is a chronic and recurring disease that recurrence phenomenon is the most
important challenge in treatment of this disease. Recent experiences have shown that …

Introduction Ashwagandha (ASW) is the extract of the plant Withania somnifera. It is widely
used in complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine (CAIM) but is little discussed in …

Background Docosanyl ferulate (DF) is a behaviourally active GABAA receptor complex
(GABAAR) agonist, recently isolated from the standardized methanolic extract of Withania …

Dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) and dopamine D2
receptor-expressing MSNs (D2R-MSNs) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been …

Development of tolerance and dependence is a major problem associated with opioid
treatment. Withdrawal syndrome is common between medical and illicit users of these …