Major improvements of models in the coming years should take into account specific
pathogen characteristics (resistance mechanisms, multiple colonization phenomena …

Immunization is one of the great advances in public health. Figure 0.1 shows a camel with a
solar-powered refrigerator on his back carrying vaccines across a hot desert to the far …

Evaluation of the effect of new conjugate vaccines on nasopharyngeal carriage of
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has been based on simple comparisons of the …

Over 90 capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common nasopharyngeal
colonizer and major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, are known. It is …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of invasive disease in infants, especially in
low-income settings. Asymptomatic carriage in the nasopharynx is a prerequisite for …

Reported rates of invasive pneumococcal disease were markedly lower than normal during
the 2020/2021 winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the first year after the start of the COVID …

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage is often asymptomatic but can cause
invasive pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal carriage is a prerequisite for disease, with …

Background. To understand and model the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines at
the population level, we need to know the transmission dynamics of individual …

Background Paediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programmes in England
using seven-valent PCV (PCV7) in 2006 and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in 2010 have reduced …

Background: There are more than 90 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, with varying
biologic and epidemiologic properties. Animal studies suggest that carriage induces an …