The mesolimbic hypothesis has been a central dogma of schizophrenia for decades,
positing that aberrant functioning of midbrain dopamine projections to limbic regions causes …

Central nervous system neurons communicate via fast synaptic transmission mediated by
ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors and slower neuromodulation mediated by G …

Rhythmic gene expression is found throughout the central nervous system. This harmonized
regulation can be dependent on-and independent of-the master regulator of biological …

Neurodegenerative diseases are conventionally demarcated as disorders with selective loss
of neurons. Conventional as well as newer molecules have been tested but they offer just …

Many learned responses depend on the coordinated activation and inhibition of synaptic
pathways in the striatum. Local dopamine neurotransmission acts in concert with a variety of …

Dopamine (DA) loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) causes debilitating motor deficits.
However, dopamine is also widely linked to reward prediction and learning, and the …

It was first posited, more than five decades ago, that the etiology of schizophrenia involves
overstimulation of dopamine receptors. Since then, advanced clinical research methods …

Oculogyric crisis (OGC) describes the clinical phenomenon of sustained dystonic, conjugate
and typically upward deviation of the eyes lasting from seconds to hours. It was initially …

Action control is a key brain function determining the survival of animals in their
environment. In mammals, neurons expressing dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in the dorsal …

Several useful animal models for parkinsonism have been developed so far. Haloperidol‐
induced catalepsy is often used as a rodent model for the study of motor impairments …