Stem cells can be used for regenerative medicine and as treatments for disease. The
application of tissue engineering-related transplantation, stem cells, and local changes in …

Sera of camelids contain both conventional heterotetrameric antibodies and unique
functional heavy (H)-chain antibodies (HCAbs). The H chain of these homodimeric …

Since the serendipitous discovery 20 years ago of bona fide camelid heavy-chain
antibodies, their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, known as VHHs or nanobodies …

Tumor-promoted constraints negatively affect cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) trafficking to the
tumor core and, as a result, inhibit tumor killing. The production of reactive nitrogen species …

Tremendous effort has been expended over the past two and a half decades to understand
many aspects of camelid heavy chain antibodies, from their biology, evolution, and …

Nanobodies can be seen as next‐generation tools for the recognition and modulation of
antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and …

Nanobodies are recombinant, antigen-specific, single-domain, variable fragments of
camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. The innate supremacy of nanobodies as a renewable …

Since the discovery of camelid heavy-chain antibodies in 1993, there has been tremendous
excitement for these antibody domains (VHHs/sdAbs/nanobodies) as research tools …

Here, we provide a protocol to generate synthetic nanobodies, known as sybodies, against
any purified protein or protein complex within a 3-week period. Unlike methods that require …

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have become mainstream in cancer treatment.
However, only patient subsets benefit from these expensive therapies, and often responses …