The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain
processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral …

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of two G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the two main endogenous lipid …

Clinical studies indicate that cannabidiol (CBD), the primary nonaddictive component of
cannabis that interacts with the serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor, may possess analgesic and …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) regulates the reciprocal interaction between chronic
inflammatory bowel and psychiatric disorders. This interaction involves multiple pathways …

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has emerged as a potential nutraceutical, because this
compound is naturally produced in many plant and animal food sources, as well as in cells …

Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients
suffering from chronic pain. Over time, different tests and models have been developed in …

Chronic pain patients frequently develop and suffer from mental comorbidities such as
depressive mood, impaired cognition, and other significant constraints of daily life, which …

The increasing number of individuals with comorbidities poses an urgent need to improve
the management of patients with multiple co-existing diseases. Among these comorbidities …

Pain is a complex experience including sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective
components. Base on the intensity and chronification of pain, pain is divided into …

Neuropathic pain is a pathological condition induced by a lesion or disease affecting the
somatosensory system, with symptoms like allodynia and hyperalgesia. It has a multifaceted …