The thick ascending limb occupies a central anatomic and functional position in human
renal physiology, with critical roles in the defense of the extracellular fluid volume, the …

Vasopressin (VP), or antidiuretic hormone, is secreted in response to either increases in
plasma osmolality (very sensitive stimulus) or to decreases in plasma volume (less sensitive …

Sodium (Na+) is the principal osmole in extracellular fluid; as such, the total body content of
Na+ and Cl-, its primary anion, determine the extracellular fluid volume. Renal excretion or …

The mammalian kidney is multiform. The basic architecture is best understood in the
unipapillary kidney, which is common in all small species. A coronal section of this kidney …

The assignment of cell type names to individual cell clusters in single-cell RNA-sequencing
(RNA-seq; including single-nucleus RNA-seq) studies is a critical bioinformatic step …

▪ Abstract The diuretic-sensitive cotransport of cations with chloride is mediated by the cation-
chloride cotransporters, a large gene family encompassing a total of seven Na-Cl, Na-K-2Cl …

Lithium (Li) treatment is often associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The
changes in whole kidney expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1),-2, and-3 as well as Na-K …

SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive
kinase) are members of the germinal center kinase VI subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 …

Sepsis-associated acute renal failure is characterized by decreased GFR and tubular
dysfunction. The pathogenesis of endotoxemic tubular dysfunction with failure in urine …

The elderly population in the United States continues to grow and is expected to double by
2050. With aging, there are degenerative changes in many organs and the kidney is no …