Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

Phytoplankton are the base of the Antarctic food web, sustain the wealth and diversity of life
for which Antarctica is renowned, and play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in regulating global climate as a major sink for
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and in global ocean biogeochemistry by supplying …

Ecosystems in remote regions tend to be highly specific, having historically evolved over
long timescales in relatively constant environmental conditions, with little human influence …

In this article, we analyze the impacts of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems.
Observations demonstrate large-scale changes in the physical variables and circulation of …

We present two narratives on the future of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, from the
perspective of an observer looking back from 2070. In the first scenario, greenhouse gas …

Warming of the Antarctic Peninsula in the latter half of the twentieth century was greater than
any other terrestrial environment in the Southern Hemisphere, and clear cryospheric and …

Important findings from the second decade of the 21st century on the impact of
environmental change on biological processes in the Antarctic were synthesised by 26 …

The Southern Ocean supports ecosystem services that are important on a global scale.
Climate change and human activities (tourism, fishing, and research) will affect both the …