The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

Cajal was probably the first neurobiologist to suggest that plasticity of nerve cells almost
completely disappeared during aging. However, we know today that neural plasticity is still …

Stress can be defined as a brain–body reaction towards stimuli arising from the environment
or from internal cues that are interpreted as a disruption of homeostasis. The organization of …

Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to have powerful beneficial effects on a
variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

Brain plasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change structurally and functionally in
response to experience. By shaping brain structure and function, experience leads to the …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) efferent projections to limbic areas facilitate a top-down control
on the execution of goal-directed behaviours. The PFC sends glutamatergic outputs to limbic …

Previous experimental studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates the
activity of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and in particular the release of dopamine in this …

It has been half a century since brain volume enlargement was first reported in animals
reared in an enriched environment (EE). As EE animals show improved memory task …

As a result of living in an enriched environment, the brain of animals undergoes molecular
and morphological changes leading to improvements in learning and memory. These …

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether environmental enrichment changes
the effects of acute stress on both the release of dopamine and acetylcholine in the …