CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in
mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

INTRODUCTION Photoenzymes are rare biocatalysts driven by absorption of a photon at
each catalytic cycle; they inspire development of artificial photoenzymes with valuable …

The proteins that form the permeation pathway of mechanosensory transduction channels in
inner-ear hair cells have not been definitively identified. Genetic, anatomical, and …

BACKGROUND Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are naturally occurring light-gated ion channels
that are important for allowing motile algal cells to find suitable light levels. In neuroscience …

Ion pumps are important membrane-spanning transporters that pump ions against the
electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. In biological systems, ion pumping is …

Cl− transport in a conductive polymer (CP) film was demonstrated for n-type thermoelectric
(TE) harvesting. CPs have been considered as an important group of p-type TE materials …

Unique membrane structures endow membranes with controlled ion transport properties in
both biological and artificial systems, and they have shown broad application prospects from …

The plant aluminum (Al)-activated malate transporter ALMT1 mediates the efflux of malate to
chelate the Al in acidic soils and underlies the plant Al resistance. Here we present cryo …

Abstract Background Membrane proteins (MPs) play diverse and important functions in
living organisms. They constitute 20% to 30% of the known bacterial, archaean and …