▪ Abstract Mimicry and warning color are highly paradoxical adaptations. Color patterns in
both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry are often determined by relatively few pattern …

The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Covering the major topics of evolutionary game theory, Game-Theoretical Models in Biology,
Second Edition presents both abstract and practical mathematical models of real biological …

Poison frogs in the anuran family Dendrobatidae use bright colors on their bodies to
advertise toxicity. The species Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt 1858, the strawberry poison …

The idea that an aposematic prey combines crypsis at a distance with conspicuousness
close up was tested in an experiment using human subjects. We estimated detectability of …

Many aposematic species have evolved an aggregated lifestyle, and one possible
advantage of grouping in warningly coloured prey is that it makes the aposematic signal …

1. Polymorphism in warning coloration is puzzling because positive frequency-dependent
selection by predators is expected to promote monomorphic warning signals in defended …

Recently there has been debate over the importance of innate avoidance of aposematic
prey by predators, particularly birds. There is evidence that the predators have innate or …

Melanin production is often considered costly, yet beneficial for thermoregulation. Studies of
variation in melanization and the opposing selective forces that underlie its variability …