Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia is a common complication in Parkinson disease. Pathogenic
mechanisms include phasic stimulation of dopamine receptors, nonphysiological levodopa …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Existing therapeutic strategies for managing Parkinson disease (PD), which focus on
addressing the loss of dopamine and dopaminergic function linked with degeneration of …

Exercise interventions in individuals with Parkinson's disease incorporate goal-based motor
skill training to engage cognitive circuitry important in motor learning. With this exercise …

It has been 30 years since the discovery that repeated electrical stimulation of neural
pathways can lead to long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. With its relevance to …

Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects as many
as 1–2% of persons aged 60 years and older. With the aging of the population, the …

The basal ganglia (BG) are a highly organized network, where different parts are activated
for specific functions and circumstances. The BG are involved in movement control, as well …

Levodopa is the standard medication clinically prescribed to patients afflicted with
Parkinson's disease. In particular, the monitoring and optimization of levodopa dosage are …

The brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) is one of many genes thought to
influence synaptic plasticity in the adult brain and shows a common single nucleotide …

The striatum is widely viewed as the fulcrum of pathophysiology in Parkinson's disease (PD)
and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In these disease states, the balance in activity of …