In the last ten years, there has been a growing interest regarding the relationship between
gut microbiota, brain, and neurological-associated affections. As multiple preclinical and …

Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

The immune system plays a significant role in multiple sclerosis. While MS was historically
thought to be T cell-mediated, multiple pieces of evidence now support the view that B cells …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system (CNS) due to an increase of abnormal peripherally auto-reactive T …

Autoimmune diseases usually arise as a result of an aberrant immune system attack on
normal tissues of the body, which leads to a cascade of inflammatory reactions. The immune …

Immune Tolerance The immune system distinguishes between “self” and “nonself” and
remembers dangerous exposures. Elaborate mechanisms control immune responses, but in …

Inflammatory processes and proinflammatory cytokines have a key role in the cellular
processes of neurodegenerative diseases and are linked to the pathogenesis of functional …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disease of the
central nervous system (CNS) mediated by autoreactive T cells directed against myelin …

Abstract Recombinant interferon (IFN) β-1b was approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration as the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) in …

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of selectively vulnerable
neuronal populations, which contrasts with selectively static loss of neurons due to toxic or …