Astrocytes are now emerging as key participants in many aspects of brain development,
function and disease. In particular, new evidence shows that astrocytes powerfully control …

Neurodevelopment is a complex, dynamic process that involves a precisely orchestrated
sequence of genetic, environmental, biochemical, and physical events. Developmental …

Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the
postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses and are major sites of information processing …

We provide protocols for preparing low-density dissociated-cell cultures of hippocampal
neurons from embryonic rats or mice. The neurons are cultured on polylysine-treated …

Developing networks follow common rules to shift from silent cells to coactive networks that
operate via thousands of synapses. This review deals with some of these rules and in …

Recent studies have indicated an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and central
nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance. However'the cellular mechanisms underlying the …

Neurexins and neuroligins are emerging as central organizing molecules for excitatory
glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synapses in mammalian brain. They function as cell …

Inhibitory and excitatory synapses play a fundamental role in information processing in the
brain. Excitatory synapses usually are situated on dendritic spines, small membrane …

Convolutions are a classical hallmark of most mammalian brains. Brain surface morphology
is often associated with intelligence and closely correlated with neurological dysfunction …

Synapse development requires differentiation of presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites
and postsynaptic receptive apparatus coordinated by synapse organizing proteins. In …