Initial studies found increased severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by
infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in patients …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The effects of obesity and smoking in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
remain controversial. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the renin …

Background Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to health worldwide. Scope of Review
The exact mechanisms underlying the disease are unknown; however, there is growing …

Nitric oxide (radical dot NO) is synthetized enzymatically from l-arginine (l-Arg) by three NO
synthase isoforms, iNOS, eNOS and nNOS. The synthesis of NO is selectively inhibited by …

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by excessive expansion of adipose tissue and is
an important risk factor for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, hypertension …

Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2‐Is) have emerged as a promising class
of antidiabetic drugs with cardioprotective and renoprotective effects in patients with type 2 …

Alterations in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to the underlying
pathophysiology of insulin resistance in humans; however, individual differences in the …

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a widespread chronic medical condition with prevalence
bordering on the verge of an epidemic. It is of great concern that cardiovascular disease is …

The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing in the United States and
worldwide. The metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic and vascular disorder that is …