The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host
protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is
caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least …

Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive retinal
ganglion cell (RGC) loss and visual field defects. Pathologically high intraocular pressure …

Axonal degeneration is an active, highly controlled process that contributes to beneficial
processes, such as developmental pruning, but also to neurodegeneration. In glaucoma …

In the working-age population worldwide, diabetic retinopathy (DR), a prevalent
complication of diabetes, is the main cause of vision impairment. Chronic low-grade …

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and the burden of the
disease continues to grow as the global population ages. Currently, the only treatment …

Bile acids are produced in the liver and excreted into the intestine, where their main function
is to participate in lipid digestion. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic …

Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by retinal
ganglion cell (RGC) death leading to cupping of the optic nerve head and visual field loss at …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is prevalent among people with long-term diabetes mellitus (DM)
and remains the leading cause of visual impairment in working-aged people. DR is related …

Common risk factors for many ocular pathologies involve non-pathologic, age-related
damage to the optic nerve. Understanding the mechanisms of age-related changes can …