Neonatal tolerance of alloantigens was described in mice nearly half a century ago, but
unfortunately, the translation of these early findings into the clinical arena proved to be much …

The feasibility of hand transplantation has been demonstrated, both surgically and
immunologically. Levels of immunosuppression comparable to regimens used in solid organ …

The scientific basis for human trials of hand transplantation was both experimental and
clinical. Prolonged survival of limb transplants was achieved in small and large animals by …

Transplantation of a vascularized limb or its components is defined as composite tissue
allotransplantation, and is one of the newest areas in surgery. To date, 24 hands have been …

In the early 1990s cyclosporine-AZA steroid-based regimens were used in a series of
clinical CTAs to reconstruct nerves, tendons, muscle, bone, joint, and laryngeal defects …

Approximately 7 million individuals (over 1 million amputees) require complex reconstructive
procedures in the United States each year. The recent success of clinical composite tissue …

The early years of microsurgery were spawned by ideas, experimental models, and possible
clinical applications. With the realization of these early concepts, clinical cases of …

Composite tissue allograft (CTA) is defined as heterologous transplantation of a complex
comprising skin and subcutaneous, neurovascular and mesenchymal tissue. Such …

This year is the 50th anniversary of the publication of a paper by Milan Hašek, in which he
showed the phenomenon of immunological tolerance by the selective failure of chimaeric …

Recent advances in the field of reconstructive surgery and immunology resulted in
increased interest in composite tissue allograft (CTA) transplantation. Up to date, more than …