In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth,
antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only …

The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has
become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few …

The vertebrate gut teems with a large, diverse, and dynamic bacterial community that has
pervasive effects on gut physiology, metabolism, and immunity. Under natural conditions …

Intestinal helminths have well-characterized modulatory effects on mammalian immune
pathways. Ongoing helminth infection has been associated with both the suppression of …

Both intestinal helminth parasites and certain bacterial microbiota species have been
credited with strong immunomodulatory effects. Recent studies reported that the presence of …

The intestinal microbiota is vital for shaping the local intestinal environment as well as host
immunity and metabolism. At the same time, epidemiological and experimental evidence …

Humans have coexisted with helminths and bacteria for the entire existence of our species.
Nowadays, helminth infections affect more than 1.9 billion people worldwide, especially in …

Genetic and environmental factors shape host susceptibility to infection, but how and how
rapidly environmental variation might alter the susceptibility of mammalian genotypes …

Gastrointestinal helminth parasites share their habitat with a myriad of other organisms, that
is, the commensal microbiota. Increasing evidence, particularly in humans and rodent …

Intestinal helminths, along with mutualistic microbes, have cohabited the intestine of
mammals throughout evolution. Interactions between helminths, bacteria, and their …