The conceptual problems arising in the definition and measurement of temperature in non-
equilibrium states are discussed in this paper in situations where the local-equilibrium …

Atomic nuclei analyzed in the framework of the shell model provide a good example of a
many-body quantum system with strong interactions between its constituents. As excitation …

Abstract The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State
University (MSU) is a scientific user facility that offers beams of rare isotopes at a wide range …

▪ Abstract A mesoscopic system with strong interaction between constituents, the atomic
nucleus is a good candidate for studying the manifestations of quantum chaos. Recent …

The apparent temperatures measured with double ratios of fragment isotope yields display
fluctuations that can be attributed to the sequential decay of heavier particle unstable nuclei …

Recent studies have revealed the existence of a number of reducibility and thermal scaling
properties in nuclear multifragmentation. The probability of emitting n-fragments is found to …

Breakup temperatures in central collisions of 197 Au+ 197 Au at bombarding energies E/A=
50 to 200 MeV were determined with two methods. Isotope temperatures, deduced from …

Different approaches for measuring nuclear temperatures are described. The quantitative
results of different thermometer approaches are often not consistent. These differences are …

Multifragmentation reactions without large compression in the initial state (proton-induced
reactions, reverse kinematics, projectile fragmentation) are examined, and it is verified …

The recent ALADIN report of limiting temperatures for nuclear disassembly, derived from
measurements of isotopic ratios for He and Li nuclei, is discussed. It is suggested that the …