Abstract Background Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are an increasingly popular approach
for identifying confounding variables that require conditioning when estimating causal …

Recent studies of animal personality have focused on its proximate causation and its
ecological and evolutionary significance, but have mostly ignored questions about its …

Background In longitudinal data, it is common to create 'change scores' by subtracting
measurements taken at baseline from those taken at follow-up, and then to analyse the …

Objective: Alcohol-dependent patients show attentional and approach biases for alcohol-
related stimuli. Computerized cognitive bias modification (CBM) programs aim to retrain …

In professional team sports, the collection and analysis of athlete-monitoring data are
common practice, with the aim of assessing fatigue and subsequent adaptation responses …

Abstract This Committee Report provides methodological, interpretive, and reporting
guidance for researchers who use measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability …

The proportional recovery rule asserts that most stroke survivors recover a fixed proportion
of lost function. To the extent that this is true, recovery from stroke can be predicted …

The monitoring of training loads is now a much-researched topic in team sports. 1 Within this
topic, researchers and practitioners are particularly interested in the impact of relatively short …

Painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are both consequence and cause of change in
multiple clinical, psychosocial, and biological factors. Although longitudinal studies have …

To determine how much of proportional recovery is because of the mathematical coupling
explained above, we performed simulations with random numbers simulating initial and final …