In several world regions, democracy is in retreat. This retreat is taking place amid growing
polarization in many countries, and analysts are increasingly concerned with the role that …

Indonesia, like many other countries around the world, is currently experiencing the process
of democratic backsliding, marked by a toxic mix of religious sectarianism, polarization, and …

Invalid votes are pervasive in many democracies and can threaten the legitimacy of
elections. While often associated with factors such as choice complexity and …

Research on invalid voting has expanded over the past few years. Scholars largely agree on
the most important determinants of invalid voting, foremost compulsory voting, quality of …

The objective of this article is to analyze invalid votes under compulsory voting in Peru. I
analyzed three Peruvian presidential elections (held in 2006, 2011, and 2016). I …

Holding two second-order elections simultaneously is expected to increase electoral
participation. We exploit a natural experiment in which one group of Czech precincts was “as …

While invalid voting is often treated as protest behavior in an electoral context, its
association with actual political protests has not yet been empirically demonstrated. The …

As an emerging democratic country, Indonesia faces notable challenges in building
harmony and peace in its multicultural society. Many scholars have argued that educational …

This research aims to analyze the causes of the phenomenon of abstention and the level of
community participation in the election of the Governor of Jambi Province in 2020. The study …

What explains the patterns of invalid votes observed in some countries? Evidence varies as
to whether voters cast invalid votes due to protest, disengagement, or the complexity of the …