Intestinal fibrosis, which is usually the consequence of chronic inflammation, is a common
complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative …

Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of
activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays multiple homeostatic roles in the regulation of
inflammation, proliferation, differentiation and would healing of various tissues. Many studies …

Myofibroblasts are characterized by their expression of α-smooth muscle actin, their
enhanced contractility when compared to normal fibroblasts and their increased synthetic …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a common mediator of cancer progression and
fibrosis. Fibrosis can be a significant pathology in multiple organs, including the heart. In this …

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a serious threat to the health and lives of
patients without any effective therapy. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species …

Microplastics (MPs) are a type of emerging pollutant, posing a great threat to human and
animal health. While recent studies have revealed the link between MPs exposure and liver …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) contamination is a serious problem for human and
animal health. Excessive exposure to PS NPs can affect the structure and function of the …

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a form of radiation damage to normal lung tissue
caused by radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic cancers, which is most commonly comprised of …