Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Early studies
have shown that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are related to the …

The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood.
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

Aging is a natural process that is associated with cognitive decline as well as functional and
social impairments. One structure of particular interest when considering aging and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the orchestration of the normal wound‐
healing response. They act as secondary messengers to many immunocytes and non …

Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

Oxidative stress is a normal phenomenon in the body. Under normal conditions, the
physiologically important intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are …

Historically, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) were thought to exclusively
cause cellular damage and lack a physiological function. Accumulation of ROS and …

Free radical damage is linked to formation of many degenerative diseases, including cancer,
cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and aging. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species, referred to as ROS, RNS, and RSS,
respectively, are produced during normal cell function and in response to various stimuli. An …