Genome-editing tools, and in particular those based on CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein) systems, are …

Psychiatry has proven to be among the least penetrable clinical disciplines for the
development of satisfactory in vivo model systems for evaluating novel treatment …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in the brain's reward circuit have a crucial
role in mediating stress responses,,,, including determining susceptibility versus resilience to …

Background Chronic stress exposure causes neuronal atrophy and synaptic deficits in the
medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), contributing to development of anxiety-and depressive-like …

RNA interference (RNAi) is a universal and evolutionarily conserved phenomenon of post-
transcriptional gene silencing by means of sequence-specific mRNA degradation, triggered …

Dr. Jacqueline N. Crawley, author of the First and Second Editions of What's Wrong with My
Mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice, continues to field calls …

Smoking decreases appetite, and smokers often report that they smoke to control their
weight. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the anorexic effects of …

The leptin hormone is critical for normal food intake and metabolism. While leptin receptor
(Lepr) function has been well studied in the hypothalamus, the functional relevance of Lepr …

Circadian rhythms and the genes that make up the molecular clock have long been
implicated in bipolar disorder. Genetic evidence in bipolar patients suggests that the central …

Spatial working memory (WM; ie," scratchpad" memory) is constantly updated to guide
behavior based on representational knowledge of spatial position. It is maintained by …