Stimuli-responsive materials can respond to external effects, and proton transport is
widespread and plays a key role in living systems, making stimuli-responsive proton …

Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in
transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

The Rhizoclosmatium globosum genome encodes three rhodopsin-guanylyl cyclases
(RGCs), which are predicted to facilitate visual orientation of the fungal zoospores. Here, we …

Rhodopsins had long been considered non-fluorescent until a peculiar voltage-sensitive
fluorescence was reported for archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch3) derivatives. These proteins …

Schizorhodopsins (SzRs), a rhodopsin family first identified in Asgard archaea, the archaeal
group closest to eukaryotes, are present at a phylogenetically intermediate position between …

Recently, two groups of rhodopsin genes were identified in large double-stranded DNA
viruses. The structure and function of viral rhodopsins are unknown. We present functional …

A handful of biological proton-selective ion channels exist. Some open at positive or
negative membrane potentials, others open at low or high pH, and some are light activated …

In the last twenty years, our understanding of the rules and mechanisms for the outward light-
driven proton transport (and underlying proton transfers) by microbial rhodopsins has been …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …