BACKGROUND The species richness of wild bees and other pollinators has declined over
the past 50 years, with some species undergoing major declines and a few going extinct …

Background Propolis is a resinous product that is collected from plants by bees to cover
holes and crevices in their hives. Propolis has potent antibacterial, antiviral, anti …

The dispersal of parasites is critical for epidemiology, and the interspecific vectoring of
parasites when species share resources may play an underappreciated role in parasite …

Bumblebees are familiar and charismatic insects, occurring throughout much of the world.
They are increasingly being used as a model organism for studying a wide range of …

Honey bees provide important pollination services to crops and wild plants. The agricultural
use of systemic insecticides, such as neonicotinoids, may harm bees through their presence …

Diverse animals have evolved an ability to collect antimicrobial compounds from the
environment as a means of reducing infection risk. Honey bees battle an extensive …

Propolis is a resinous and complex phytocompounds collected by the bees to serve various
critical physical and physiological functions in a beehive. Propolis has been used by …

Infectious diseases are a primary driver of bee decline worldwide, but limited understanding
of how pathogens are transmitted hampers effective management. Flowers have been …

In this BEEBOOK paper we present a set of established methods for quantifying honey bee
behaviour. We start with general methods for preparing bees for behavioural assays. Then …

Learning and memory are crucial functions which enable insect pollinators to efficiently
locate and extract floral rewards. Exposure to pesticides or infection by parasites may cause …