Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

The social cost of carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) measures the monetized value of the damages
to society caused by an incremental metric tonne of CO2 emissions and is a key metric …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The abyssal ocean circulation is a key component of the global meridional overturning
circulation, cycling heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients throughout the world ocean,. The …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are shrinking rapidly, altering
regional hydrology, raising global sea level and elevating natural hazards. Yet, owing to the …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

Ocean-driven melting of floating ice-shelves in the Amundsen Sea is currently the main
process controlling Antarctica's contribution to sea-level rise. Using a regional ocean model …

The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted 1 using
ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …