The advent of optogenetic tools has had a profound impact on modern neuroscience
research, revolutionizing our understanding of the brain. These tools offer a remarkable …

Summary Calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as a versatile and conserved second messenger in
orchestrating immune responses. In plants, plasma membrane‐localized Ca2+‐permeable …

In the early 2000s, the field of neuroscience experienced a groundbreaking transformation
with the advent of optogenetics. This innovative technique harnesses the properties of …

Viral rhodopsins are light-gated cation channels representing a novel class of microbial
rhodopsins. For viral rhodopsin 1 subfamily members VirChR1 and OLPVR1, channel …

Intracellular signaling plays essential roles in various cell types. In the central nervous
system, signaling cascades are strictly regulated in a spatiotemporally specific manner to …

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is an important tool for optogenetics, and some of its mutants
are Ca2+-selective channels. However, the mechanism for Ca2+-selective permeation is still …

This chapter is an authoritative and extensive review on the use of organic dyes in the new
and exciting field of optogenetics. The authors begin by outlining the essence of …

Inadequate activity of upper airway muscles during sleep, when combined with anatomical
risk factors (eg a longer and narrower pharynx [129, 130], fat accumulation in upper airway …

Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as
light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae …