Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern
the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were …

Sea ice thickness is a key parameter in the polar climate and ecosystem. Thermodynamic
and dynamic processes alter the sea ice thickness. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory …

Sea ice growth and decay are critical processes in the Arctic climate system, but
comprehensive observations are very sparse. We analyzed data from 23 sea ice mass …

Repeated transects have become the backbone of spatially distributed ice and snow
thickness measurements crucial for understanding of ice mass balance. Here we detail the …

Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global
coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN …

We examined mixing processes within the ice–ocean boundary layer (IOBL) close to the
geographic North Pole, with an emphasis on wind‐driven sea ice drift. Observations were …

In cold polar waters, temperatures sometimes drop below the freezing point, a process
referred to as supercooling. However, observational challenges in polar regions limit our …

Reflectometry measurements have been conducted aboard the German research
icebreaker Polarstern during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic …

The increased fraction of first year ice (FYI) at the expense of old ice (second-year ice (SYI)
and multi-year ice (MYI)) likely affects the permeability of the Arctic ice cover. This in turn …

Arctic sea ice leads are linear fractures in pack ice, which provide narrow windows for the
enhanced exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between the atmosphere and ocean …