Kupffer cells are a critical component of the mononuclear phagocytic system and are central
to both the hepatic and systemic response to pathogens. Kupffer cells are reemerging as …

Cases of active tuberculosis have been reported worldwide with the use of therapeutic
agents that inhibit tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α. TNFα has a central role in mycobacterial …

Background & Aims: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, a fully
human, anti–tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody administered subcutaneously, in the …

Background & Aims: Tumor necrosis factor blockade has been shown to be an effective
treatment strategy in Crohn's disease (CD). Adalimumab is a human immunoglobulin G1 …

Background: Adalimumab induced clinical remission after four weeks in patients with active
Crohn's disease in the CLASSIC I trial. Objective: To evaluate long term efficacy and safety …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Adalimumab is an efficacious therapy for active Crohn's disease,
but long-term data are scarce. We conducted an observational study to assess the long-term …

Commensal bacteria have been shown to modulate the host mucosal immune system. Here,
we report that oral treatment of BALB/c mice with components from the commensal …

Probiotic formulations are widely available and have a variety of proposed beneficial effects,
including promotion of gut health. The mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria in the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's (CD)
typically displays a waxing and waning course punctuated by disease flares that are …

BACKGROUND & AIMS:: Steroid-refractory Crohn's disease responds to therapy with the
chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody infliximab. Etanercept, a recombinant …