Over the last 50 years, the concept of stress has evolved significantly, and our
understanding of the underlying neurobiology has expanded dramatically. Rather than …

The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of depression states that a deficit of GABAergic
transmission in defined neural circuits is causal for depression. Conversely, an …

Alterations in energy metabolism are associated with depression. However, the role of
glycolysis in the pathogenesis of depression and the underlying molecular mechanisms …

Ketamine treatment decreases depressive symptoms within hours, but the mechanisms
mediating these rapid antidepressant effects are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that activity …

Patients with schizophrenia show increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in imaging
studies. The mechanism underlying this is unclear but may be due to N-methyl-D-aspartate …

Recent clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that psychedelics and entactogens may
produce both rapid and sustained therapeutic effects across several indications. Currently …

Individuals with a history of early-life stress (ELS) tend to have an altered course of
depression and lower treatment response rates. Research suggests that ELS alters brain …

Conventional antidepressants are widely employed in several psychiatric and neurologic
disorders, yet the mechanisms underlying their delayed and partial therapeutic effects are …

Enhancing stress resilience in at-risk populations could significantly reduce the incidence of
stress-related psychiatric disorders. We have previously reported that the administration of …

While the molecular target of (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) is thought to be the NMDA receptor,
subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been known to modulate monoaminergic …