Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world stayed home, drastically
altering human activity in cities. This exceptional moment provided researchers the …

Decision-making by prey about when to begin fleeing when approached by a predator have
been and are being studied intensively, producing a large theoretical and empirical …

Variation in color morph behavior is an important factor in the maintenance of color
polymorphism. Alternative anti-predator behaviors are often associated with morphological …

Harnessing natural selection to improve conservation outcomes is a recent concept in
ecology and evolutionary biology and a potentially powerful tool in species conservation …

There are many anti‐predatory escape strategies in animals. A well‐established method to
assess escape behavior is the flight initiation distance (FID), which is the distance between …

Antipredator behavior and risk assessment of many species are affected by the presence of
humans and their activities. Previous studies have largely been conducted on birds and …

After detecting an approaching predator, animals make a decision when to flee. Prey will
initiate flight soon after detecting a predator so as to minimize attentional costs related to on …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and respective shutdowns
dramatically altered human activities, potentially changing human pressures on urban …

Several animal species can survive within cities by changing their behavior; such changes
could be the result of evolutionary adaptation, epigenetic effects, or come from preadapted …

Flight initiation distance (FID) procedures are used to assess the risk perception animals
have for threats (eg, natural predators, hunters), but it is unclear whether these assessments …