The orexin system consists of the peptide transmitters orexin-A and-B and the G protein-
coupled orexin receptors OX 1 and OX 2. Orexin receptors are capable of coupling to all four …

It is estimated that 5% of pregnant women consume drugs of abuse during pregnancy.
Clinical research suggests that intake of drugs during pregnancy, such as alcohol, nicotine …

Background The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake cycle and
motivated behavior. Sleep disturbance is associated with impairment in cognitive and …

Abstract Hypocretin/Orexin (HCRT/OX) and dopamine (DA) are both key effectors of
salience processing, reward and stress-related behaviors and motivational states, yet their …

The initiation of alcohol use early in life is one of the strongest predictors of developing a
future alcohol use disorder. Clinical studies have identified specific behaviors during early …

Rationale Motivation and inhibitory control are dominantly regulated by the dopaminergic
(DA) and noradrenergic (NA) systems, respectively. Hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) …

Clinical studies demonstrate that the risk of developing neurological disorders is increased
by overconsumption of the commonly used drugs, alcohol, nicotine and cannabis. These …

光遗传学技术是一种结合光学和遗传学的新型细胞生物学工具. 通过引入光激活通道(光敏感
蛋白基因) 到特定的神经元群体, 光遗传学能够以毫秒级精度对这些神经元进行非侵入性光学 …

Understanding neural circuits involved in anesthesia is crucial for improving its safety and
efficacy. Hypothalamic orexin neurons (LHAOX), projecting broadly, are essential in …

Optogenetics represents an advanced technology that facilitates precise control of gene
expression and neuronal activity in living cells through light. Introduced by neuroscientist …