Botulinum neurotoxins are used clinically for conditions characterized by hyperexcitability of
peripheral nerve terminals and hypersecretory syndromes. These neurotoxins are …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the etiological agents of botulism, are the deadliest toxins
known to humans. Yet, thanks to their biological and toxicological features, BoNTs have …

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are di-chain bacterial proteins responsible for the
paralytic disease botulism. Following binding to the plasma membrane of cholinergic motor …

Chronic pain affects one in five people across human societies, with few therapeutic options
available. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can provide long-lasting pain relief by inhibiting …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause flaccid paralysis by inhibiting neurotransmission at
cholinergic nerve terminals. Each BoNT consists of three domains that are essential for …

The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor
(SNARE) proteins play a central role in most forms of intracellular membrane trafficking, a …

Chronic pain is a widespread debilitating condition affecting millions of people worldwide.
Although several pharmacological treatments for relieving chronic pain have been …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) show increasing therapeutic applications ranging from
treatment of locally paralyzed muscles to cosmetic benefits. At first, in the 1970s, BoNT was …

Local injections of botulinum toxins have been reported to be useful not only for the
treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain and migraine but also to cause long-lasting muscle …

Targeted delivery of potent inhibitor of cytokine/pain-mediator into inflammatory or pain-
sensing cells is a promising avenue for treating chronic pain, a world-wide major healthcare …