Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles 40–160 nm in diameter that are secreted by
almost all cell types. Exosomes can carry diverse cargo including RNA, DNA, lipids …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Both conditions are rising in incidence as well as prevalence, creating poor …

Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with
crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or …

In its early stages, symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are usually not apparent.
Significant reduction of the kidney function is the first obvious sign of disease. If diagnosed …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have
significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is in part due to the development of …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially those involving a systemic inflammatory
process such as atherosclerosis, remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible
for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), potentially have severe kidney adverse effects. This …

Cardiovascular calcification is a multifaceted disease that is a leading independent predictor
of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have identified a calcification …

The ageing population continues to suffer from its primary killer, cardiovascular disease
(CVD). Despite recent advances in interventional medicinal and surgical therapies towards …

In patients with chronic kidney and end-stage renal diseases, the major risk factor for
progression of arterial calcification is the presence of existing (baseline) calcification. Here …