Climate warming is considered to be among the most serious of anthropogenic stresses to
the environment, because it not only has direct effects on biodiversity, but it also exacerbates …

Zooplankton are major consumers of phytoplankton primary production in marine
ecosystems. As such, they represent a critical link for energy and matter transfer between …

Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that
have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of …

The accelerating rate of global change has focused attention on the cumulative impacts of
novel and extreme environmental changes (ie stressors), especially in marine ecosystems …

Because of its profound effects on the rates of biological processes such as aerobic
metabolism, environmental temperature plays an important role in shaping the distribution …

Ecological networks have a long history in ecology, and a recent increase in network
analyses across environmental gradients has revealed important changes in their structure …

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary management tool for mitigating threats to
marine biodiversity,. MPAs and the species they protect, however, are increasingly being …

In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with
concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of the planet, yet a comprehensive
understanding of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly …