Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS)
disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is …

Immune responses in the CNS are common, despite its perception as a site of immune
privilege. These responses can be mediated by resident microglia and astrocytes, which are …

Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and a major cause of acquired
disability in adults. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the pathophysiology of …

Intraperitoneal injection of the Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
elicits a rapid innate immune response. While this systemic inflammatory response can be …

In the United States stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of
disability. Brain injury following stroke results from the complex interplay of multiple …

Cerebral postischemic reperfusion injury is defined as deterioration of ischemic brain tissue
that parallels and antagonizes the benefits of restoring cerebral circulation after therapeutic …

Neuroprotection and brain repair in patients after acute brain damage are still major
unfulfilled medical needs. Pharmacological treatments are either ineffective or confounded …

Adaptation is one of physiology's fundamental tenets, operating not only at the level of
species, as Darwin proposed, but also at the level of tissues, cells, molecules and, perhaps …

The relation between acute ischaemic stroke and infection is complex. Infection appears to
be an important trigger that precedes up to a third of ischaemic strokes and can bring about …

J. Neurochem.(2010) 114, 13–27. Abstract The responses of the brain to infection, ischemia
and trauma share remarkable similarities. These and other conditions of the CNS coordinate …