Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen
species and the antioxidants defences, in favour of the former. In recent years, the …

Exposure to a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity
may influence the oxidative status in aquatic organisms. The present review article focuses …

High temperatures and low oxygen in aquatic environments, such as intensive aquaculture
or in natural watersheds, inevitably cause stress in fish. Fish are exposed to high …

Organisms that tolerate wide variations in oxygen availability, especially to hypoxia, usually
face harsh environmental conditions during their lives. Such conditions include, for example …

Freezing, dehydration, salinity variations, hypoxia or anoxia are some of the environmental
constraints that many organisms must frequently endure. Organisms adapted to these …

Shallow or near-shore environments, such as ponds, estuaries and intertidal zones, are
among the most physiologically challenging of all aquatic settings. Animals inhabiting these …

Long-term exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to temperatures beyond 26° C triggers
mussel mortality. The present study aimed to integratively illustrate the correlation between …

Temperature serves as an important environmental factor in ecosystems. Understanding the
cooperation of various tissues of animals in response to heat stress is the basis for clarifying …

Hypoxia frequently occurs in natural aquatic systems and aquaculture environments due to
extreme climate fluctuations, high-density farming, environmental pollution and global …

The hypoxia-inducible transcription factors are key regulators for the physiological response
to low oxygen availability. In vertebrates, typically three Hif-α isoforms, Hif-1α, Hif-2α and Hif …