Research on the effects of opioids on immune responses was stimulated in the 1980s by the
intersection of use of intravenous heroin and HIV infection, to determine if opioids were …

Chemokines constitute a family of chemoattractant cytokines and are subdivided into four
families on the basis of the number and spacing of the conserved cysteine residues in the N …

Millions of people worldwide suffer from neuropathic pain as a result of damage to or
dysfunction of the nervous system under various disease conditions. Development of …

Opioid-induced proinflammatory glial activation modulates wide-ranging aspects of opioid
pharmacology including: opposition of acute and chronic opioid analgesia, opioid analgesic …

Our previous study showed that activation of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) in spinal
astrocytes plays an important role in neuropathic pain sensitization. We further investigated …

Clinical management of chronic pain after nerve injury (neuropathic pain) and tumor
invasion (cancer pain) is a real challenge due to our limited understanding of the cellular …

Neuroinflammation associated with HIV-1 infection is a problem affecting∼ 50% of HIV-
infected individuals. NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has …

Chemokines–chemotactic cytokines–are small secreted proteins that attract and activate
immune and non-immune cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been suggested that chemokines …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Morphine-induced glial proinflammatory responses have been documented to contribute to
tolerance to opioid analgesia. Here, we examined whether drugs previously shown to …