Plasmids mediate the horizontal transmission of genetic information between bacteria,
facilitating their adaptation to multiple environmental conditions. An especially important …

In this review, we highlight the current understanding of translation elongation and recoding
in eukaryotes. In addition to providing an overview of the process, recent advances in our …

Recoding—the repurposing of genetic codons—is a powerful strategy for enhancing
genomes with functions not commonly found in nature. Here, we report computational …

The principles of mRNA decoding are conserved among all extant life forms. We present an
integrative view of all the interaction networks between mRNA, tRNA and rRNA: the intrinsic …

Various independent discoveries have shown that many organic codes exist in living
systems, and this implies that they came into being during the history of life and contributed …

The goal of xenobiology is to design biological systems endowed with unusual biochemical
functions, whereas enzymology concerns the study of enzymes, the workhorses of …

The standard genetic code (SGC) is virtually universal among extant life forms. Although
many deviations from the universal code exist, particularly in organelles and prokaryotes …

As the adaptor that decodes mRNA sequence into protein, the basic aspects of tRNA
structure and function are central to all studies of biology. Yet the complexities of their …

The genetic code—the language used by cells to translate their genomes into proteins that
perform many cellular functions—is highly conserved throughout natural life. Rewriting the …

How do proteins evolve? How do changes in sequence mediate changes in protein
structure, and in turn in function? This question has multiple angles, ranging from …