The brain and gastrointestinal tract are critical sensory organs responsible for detecting,
relaying, integrating, and responding to signals derived from the internal and external …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into
different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such …

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), performing
complex functions in health and disease. It is now clear that multiple astrocyte subsets or …

The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that buoys
intestinal immune responses. AHR induces its own negative regulator, the AHR repressor …

The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from
over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in …

The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological
processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways …

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress
immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing …

The ATP–adenosine pathway functions as a key modulator of innate and adaptive immunity
within the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, multiple clinical strategies are being …