The prevailing global environmental distress, particularly in rural areas, calls for the
adoption of integrated sustainable rural development strategies like climate-smart …

Agroforestry, or the intentional integration of trees on crop or pastureland, is a sustainable
land use system that provides ecosystem services including climate change mitigation and …

To achieve global food security, we need to approximately double food production over the
coming decades. Conventional agriculture is the mainstream approach to achieving this …

Voluntary sustainability standards and certification offer a promising mechanism to mitigate
the severe negative impacts of agricultural expansion and intensification on tropical …

Smallholders' agroforests may be valuable for conserving tropical trees through three main
mechanisms. First, trees planted and/or retained by farmers in agricultural landscapes …

Downstream companies in chocolate supply chains are increasingly engaged in improving
the sustainability of cocoa production, which requires a multidimensional understanding of …

This paper compares financial and biodiversity performance of small-scale shaded coffee
and cocoa plantations versus intensified conventional ones. We conduct a meta-analysis …

Interest in economically and ecologically sustainable cocoa has grown in recent years.
Cocoa-based agroforestry systems are promoted as a potential win-win option for long-term …

Smallholder livelihoods and the restoration of tropical forests are intimately intertwined. To
address the question of how reforestation affects livelihoods and how they in turn affect …

Land sparing and land sharing are contrasting strategies often aimed at improving both
agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in multifunctional landscapes. These …